Asterids

 

Most Asterids show a combination of derived floral characteristics. Fused petals, reduced numbers of stamens attached to the corolla, and zygomorphic flowers are all commonly encountered themes within the Asterids. However, the only morphological synapomorphy that all Asterids share is the presence of a single integument layer on the embryo. As currently recognized, the Asterids contain some plants formerly classified as Rosids or Dilleniids. In the family Asteraceae, perhaps the most modified inflorescences exist; the superficial "flowers" of many Asteraceae are actually a disk of many crowded, radially symmetric flowers, surrounded by a ring of asymmetric, ligulate flowers resembling petals.

The orders of Asterids have been subgrouped by the APG (1998) and others into groups known as Euasterid I and Euasterid II, with the orders Cornales and Ericales falling basal to these clades. Although the families are herein listed in pseudo-taxonomic order according to this arrangement, the placement of some orders within these groups is subject to change, and relationships between orders within these groups is poorly resolved.

Purple denotes orders containing families covered in class; green denotes orders photographically represented but not covered in Biology 414.

Click on the tree to skip directly to a given order.

 

Asterid families covered in class:

Cornales:

Cornaceae (Dogwood Family)

Ericales:

Ericaceae (Heath Family)

Polemoniaceae (Phlox Family)

Sarraceniaceae (Pitcher-Plant Family)

Gentianales:

Apocynaceae (Dogbane/Milkweed Family)

Gentianaceae (Gentian Family)

Rubiaceae (Coffee Family)

Lamiales:

Lamiaceae (Mint Family)

Oleaceae (Olive Family)

Orobanchaceae (Broomrape Family)

Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Verbenaceae (Verbena Family)

Solanales:

Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)

Solanaceae (Potato/Nightshade Family)

 

Boraginaceae (Forget-Me-Not Family)

Apiales:

Apiaceae (Carrot Family)

Asterales:

Asteraceae (Sunflower Family)

Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family)

Dipsacales:

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)

 

Order: Cornales

*Cornaceae: (Dogwood Family)

Identification characteristics: Nyssa, sometimes placed in a separate family (Nyssaceae), has alternate leaves, unisexual flowers with 5-8 petals, and variable numbers of stamens (~10). Cornus has 4 petals and stamens, the 4 sepal lobes often being minute. Some Cornus species have petaloid bracts surrounding a tight cluster of true flowers (see C. florida and C. canadensis). Most have opposite leaves (see C. alternifolia as an exception). Both Nyssa  and Cornus produce drupaceous fruits from an inferior ovary, and both are woody trees or shrubs (C. canadensis appears herbaceous), and all Cornaceae have actinomorphic flowers.

Interesting stuff: Many Cornus are valued ornamentals, although a fungal disease known as dogwood anthracnose is devastating populations in some areas. Nyssa is used as a timber tree and as an ornamental for its wine-red fall foliage. The drupes of both genera are very attractive to birds and other wildlife.

Cornus alternifolia Pagoda Dogwood- This is the only dogwood in our area with alternate leaves. It has blue fruit.

Cornus canadensis Bunchberry- This species looks like a miniature version of the Flowering Dogwood. It only grows in cold, acidic woods.

Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood (inflorescence)- Like Bunchberry, the clusters of small flowers are surrounded by four white (or pink) bracts in this dogwood.

Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood (branch)- The bright white bracts of Flowering Dogwood often hide the newly emerging leaves of the tree in spring.

Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood (population)- Large populations of Dogwood in forest understories or edges are hard to miss.

Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood (fruit)- The true flowers become more apparent as the individual ovaries form bright red fruits.

Cornus serecia Red Osier Dogwood- This shrub is naturally found in swampy openings in PA, but is a commonly planted ornamental shrub as well.

Hydrangeaceae:

Hydrangea arborescens Wild Hydrangea- Wild Hydrangea is usually found on moist, rocky slopes where large stands often form.

 

Order: Ericales

Balsaminaceae:

Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewelweed- Jewelweeds are sometimes called Touch-Me-Nots due to their ripe seedpods, which explode when touched.

Impatiens pallida Pale Jewelweed- In addition to their pendulous, showy flowers, Jewelweeds also produce inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers.

*Ericaceae: (Heath Family)

Identification characteristics: Characters common to all Ericaceae are few, but a number of features are commonly found in many members of the family. Many, but certainly not all, Ericaceae are evergreen shrubs, many have urceolate corollas, and many release pollen from their anthers through pores rather than longitudinal slits. Sepals and petals are usually 5, but sometimes 4. Stamens are usually twice as many as the petals, although occasionally the same number. Ovaries may be inferior or superior. The petals are usually fused to some degree. Most have actinomorphic flowers, but some (see Rhododendron spp.) are slightly zygomorphic. Fruits are often capsules or berries.

Interesting stuff: Ericaceae all have close association with ascomycete micorrhizal fungi, which help them to uptake nutrients in acidic environments where they are usually unavailable to plant roots. For this reason, Ericaceae often dominate environments with acidic soils, such as sandy barrens and sphagnum bogs. Although it is believed that this fungal/plant relationship is usually mutualistic with the fungus receiving photosynthetically produced carbohydrates from the plant, some Ericaceae have exploited the symbiosis, becoming totally nonphotosynthetic and gaining all of their nutrition parasitically through fungi (see Monotropa). These plants are often indirectly parasitic on photosynthetic plants whose roots have mycorrhizae, the fungus serving as a carbon conduit from the autotrophic plant to the heterotrophic plant. Because of their lack of chlorophyll, these mycotrophs have been given familial recognition as Monotropaceae in the past, although both molecular and morphological data support their placement as a lineage derived from Ericaceae. Likewise, their closest relatives, herbaceous plants formerly placed in the family Pyrolaceae, are also now included as Ericaceae. There is reason to believe many members of this group have increased dependence on fungi and decreased need to photosynthesize on their own, as a species within the genus Pyrola has also independently become nonphotosynthetic. Note: Ericaceae, Pyrolaceae, and Monotropaceae are listed as separate families in your manual!

Ericaceae contains many valuable ornamentals and edibles. Rhododendrons and Azaleas (genus Rhododendron), Heaths (Erica), and Mountain Laurel (Kalmia) are just a handful of the numerous ornamentals. Blueberries and Cranberries (Vaccinium) are also Ericaceous.

Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf- This shrub soon becomes a dominant species in sphagnum bogs. Notice the urn-shaped corollas.

Epigaea repens Trailing Arbutus- The sweet-scented blooms of Trailing Arbutus are often hidden beneath the leathery leaves.

Gaultheria procumbens Wintergreen- The berries of Wintergreen, also known as Teaberry, have a wintergreen flavor; the leaves have a similar scent.

Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel- The state flower of PA, this shrub is common in rocky woods. The flowers seem to get more pink in sunny locations.

Rhododendron maximum Rhododendron (purple)- This species is also known as Bay Laurel. Notice the blotch of spots on the upper corolla lobe.

Rhododendron maximum Rhododendron (white)- White is the predominant color of this wild Rhododendron species.

Rhododendron periclymenoides Pinkster Flower Azalea- This beautiful shrub is lanky by itself, but often forms small colonies from the roots.

Rhododendron prinophyllum Rosebud Azalea- Very similar to Pinkster Flower, this species is more glandular, less colonial, and has very fragrant flowers.

Vaccinium angustifolium Lowbush Blueberry- These small blueberries are common in rocky, acidic woods. They often form extensive thickets.

Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry- This species is most common around sphagnum bogs, where it may cover vast areas.

Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry (fruits)- Most cultivated blueberries originally stem from this species, at least as one parent.

Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry- Unlike the previous two Vacciniums, this species doesn't usually have tasty fruits. The corollas are open in the bud.

(Monotropaceae:)

Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap (yellow)- This species seems to be more restricted to growing underneath evergreens than Indian Pipe.

Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap (yellow, flowers)- Unlike Indian Pipe, this species has more than one flower per stalk.

Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap (red)- This red population was found less than a mile from the yellows pictures above, but bloomed a month later.

Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe- Indian Pipes are common in acidic woods dominated by oaks, pines, hemlocks, etc.

Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe pollination- Although nonphotosynthetic, it's still a flowering plant, as this Silver-Spotted Skipper can attest.

(Pyrolaceae:)

Chimaphila maculata Spotted Wintergreen- The leaves are striped, not spotted, in this attractive denizen of acidic woods.

Chimaphila maculata Spotted Wintergreen- Like many Ericaceae, Chimaphila releases its pollen through pores at the anther tips.

Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf- This species is usually found in acid soils under oaks and pines. It often forms colonies through creeping rhizomes.

*Polemoniaceae: (Phlox Family)

Identification characteristics: Like most members of Lamiales, Solanales, and Gentianales, Polemoniaceae have 5 fused sepals, 5 fused petals, and 5 stamens adnate to the corolla. However, unlike these groups Polemoniaceae has three carpels which are usually visible as three style or stgma branches. The superior ovary eventually forms a capsule as the fruit. The flowers are always radially symmetric. The leaves may be opposite (see Phlox) or alternate (see Polemonium) and simple (Phlox) or compound (Polemonium). Although our North American representatives are herbaceous, some members of this family may be woody and/or viney.

Interesting stuff: Phlox, Polemonium, and other genera are commonly cultivated and hybridized for ornamental use. The family was once thought to more closely related to Solanales, Boraginaceae, or Lamiales, but molecular evidence now firmly places it within Ericales.

Phlox divaricata Wild Blue Phlox- Often cultivated as a garden ornamental, different individuals of Blue Phlox show varying degrees of petal width and notching.

Phlox glaberrima Smooth Phlox- This species is native south of Pennsylvania, where it frequently forms hybrid swarms with other Phlox species.

Phlox glaberrima Smooth Phlox- The petals of this and other Phlox species are convoluted, or corkscrew-twisted, in unopened bud.s

Phlox paniculata Tall Phlox- This species is the parent or one of the parents of most garden phlox varieties.

Phlox subulata Moss Phlox- More commonly encountered in cultivation than in the wild, this creeping species is native to dry, sandy areas.

Polemonium reptans Creeping Jacob's Ladder- This genus has pinnately compound, alternate leaves unlike Phlox.

Polemonium reptans Creeping Jacob's Ladder (closer)- This species, although native to Eastern N. America, is sometimes called Greek Valerian.

Primulaceae:

Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife- Although a pretty pale yellow, the nodding flowers of Fringed Loosestrife are often held beneath the leaves.

Lysimachia quadrifolia Whorled Loosestrife- This species is unrelated to the agressive, introduced Purple Loosestrife.

Trientalis borealis Starflower- The whorled leaves and pointed petals both give this plant a star-like appearance.

*Sarraceniaceae: (Pitcher-Plant Family)

Identification characteristics: This is the only North American plant family with leaves modified into insect-trapping pitchers. The flowers of this family are almost as distinctive as the pitcher shaped leaves. The style of the actinomorphic nodding flowers is highly elaborated in Sarracenia into an umbrella-shaped structure, which has pollen-receptive stigmatic surfaces beneath each of its 5 lobes. Members of the family have 5 separate sepals, 5 separate petals, and numerous stamens.

Interesting Stuff: Sarraceniaceae were once grouped with other lineages of carnivorous plants despite the radically different floral and trap morphology of the different families. The unique flowers of Sarraceniaceae proved to be too aberrant for determining the closest relatives of the family, but molecular data clearly supports placement within Ericales. The center of diversity for the genus Sarracenia is the coastal plain of the southeastern U.S., but Sarracenia purpurea (see below) can be found in bogs across much of Canada and the northern U.S. Two other unrelated carnivorous plant lineages show striking similarity in pitcher morphology to Sarraceniaceae: the Australian Cephalotaceae (a Rosid) and the southeast Asian Nepenthaceae (a Caryophillid).

Sarracenia purpurea Purple Pitcher Plant- This carnivorous plant digests insects in sphagnum bogs where nitrogen is at a premium.

 

Order: Gentianales

*Apocynaceae: (Dogbane/ Milkweed Family)

Identification characteristics: The family Apocynaceae, as formerly circumscribed, have actinomorphic flowers with 5 fused sepals, 5 fused petals, and 5 stamens that are fused to the petals and fused to each other via their anthers. The two carpels are variously fused and are often seemingly glued to the anther ring. The Asclepioid clade, formerly recognized as their own family (Asclepiadaceae) are now clearly accepted as being derived from within Apocynaceae. They have a unique flower morphology, with the androecium and gynoecium being fused into a structure known as the gynostegium, which is unrecognizable as either. The gynostegium contains 5 sets of pollinia (waxy masses of pollen) each of which is removed via attachment to a pollinators leg or other appendage (see movie for pollina location and removal). Each set resembles saddlebags, containing two pollinia (originating from the locules of two neighboring anthers) that are joined by an arm known as the translocator. Asclepioids have appendages that form a structure known as the corona between the gynostegium and petals. The corona often aids in guiding insect legs in the proper orientation with the gynostegium to receive and transfer pollinia. In Asclepias, each of the 5 segments is comprised of structures known as the horn and hood.

Apocynaceae have opposite leaves, exude milky latex when damaged, and many (including the Asclepioids) have plumed seeds. The fruits are follicles.

Interesting stuff: Many Apocynaceae produce very toxic chemicals that, along with their latex, discourage herbivory by animals from insects to large mammals. Asclepioids serve as the sole hosts for the Monarch Butterfly (see Other Organisms link) and relatives. Monarchs can sequester cardiac glycosides from milkweeds that produce them, thus making themselves distastful to birds and other predators. Many Apocynaceae are used horticulturally, and the nectar-rich flowers of the genus Asclepias are often particularly attractive to butterflies. Note: Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae are separate families in your manual!

Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp- This species has follicles containing tufted seeds and exudes milky sap like milkweeds.

(Asclepiadaceae:)

Asclepias amplexicaulis Blunt-Leaved Milkweed- This species is more common in prairie regions, but may be found in dry barrens in PA.

Asclepias exaltata Poke Milkweed- Like other milkweeds, this species has a corona above the reflexed petals (corona is white, petals are green).

Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed (patch)- This species has one of the most pleasant fragrances of any native flower.

Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed (individual)- The legs of these bumblebees were covered with saddlebag-like bundles of pollen (pollinia).

Asclepias quadrifolia Four-Leaved Milkweed- This species blooms earlier than most other milkweeds; it produces long, spindle-like seedpods.

Asclepias quadrifolia Four-Leaved Milkweed- The umbels of Four-Leaved Milkweed have fewer flowers than most other species.

Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed- This common roadside and field species is a favorite host of Monarch Butterfly caterpillars in our area.

Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed (inflorescence)- The rhizomes of this species can creep for meters under the soil surface, often resulting in clonal patches.

Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed- The taproot of Butterfly Weed can thrive in dry soils of roadsides, railroad beds, and dry grassland remnants.

Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed- The sepals of Asclepias are hidden beneath the reflexed petals.

Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed- Whorled Milkweed usually grows in dry, rocky slopes in Pennsylvania. The leaves are unusually thin for Asclepias.

Asclepias viridiflora Green Milkweed- Although the flowers of Green Milkweed aren't colorful, the stout habit and petals tightly appressed to the stem make it attractive.

*Gentianaceae: (Gentian Family)

Identification characteristics: Gentianaceae are herbaceous, have opposite leaves, actinomorphic flowers with usually 5 fused sepals and 5 fused petals (sometimes 4, see Gentianopsis and Obolaria), with an equal number of stamens attached to the corolla. The two carpels are fused into a superior ovary, and the stigma is usually 2-lobed.

Interesting stuff: Species of Gentian produce the bluest of blue flowers in PA late in the season. Members of the family are highly dependent on mycorrhizal fungi, and some have become completely non-photosynthetic mycotrophs (see Monotropa in Ericaceae above as a parallel evolutionary event). Within Pennsylvania, representatives of a range of mycotrophy occur; the Gentians (Gentianella, Gentiana, and Gentianopsis) appear photosynthetically normal, Obolaria has reduced, purplish leaves, and Bartonia is effectively leafless.

Bartonia virginica Yellow Bartonia- Bartonia has minute scales for leaves, gaining practically all of its nutrition from fungal association rather than through photosynthesis.

Gentiana clausa Bottle Gentian- Bumblebees and Carpenter Bees must force their way into the closed corollas of this species.

Gentianella quinquefolia Stiff Gentian- This Gentian is often found in moist, open areas at higher elevations.

Gentianopsis crinita (Gentiana crinita) Fringed Gentian- Gentians possess the deepest blue flowers of all plants in PA.

Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian (flower)- Fringed Gentian is an uncommon biennial, but is one of the most beautiful native plants.

Obolaria virginica Pennywort- This mycotrophic relative of Gentians is rare in PA. It only has 2 sepals and 4 petals.

Obolaria virginica Pennywort- Although normally white, the flowers of Obolaria occasionally are purplish.

Obolaria virginica Pennywort- Obolaria is only found on rich, limestone slopes, and is more commonly encountered south of PA.

Loganiaceae:

Spigelia marilandica Indian Pink- (native to S.E. United States) Indian Pink contains very toxic alkaloids that deter herbivory.

*Rubiaceae: (Coffee Family)

Identification characteristics: In our range, Rubiaceae have 4 fused sepals, 4 fused petals, and 4 stamens attached to the corolla (flower parts sometimes 5s in the tropics). The ovary is inferior, and is comprised of 2 carpels (occasionally 4). Leaves are opposite, sometimes appearing whorled. Fruits are highly variable.

Interesting stuff: A large proportion of Rubiaceae demonstrate a feature known as heterostyly, where multiple floral morphologies are present in populations, each of which can only be successfully pollinated by a flower with different morphology. In Rubiaceae, distyly is prevalent, where some flowers of a given species have long, exerted stamens and short, included styles. These can only produce seed from pollen that is transferred from a flower of a morph with exerted style and stigma and included stamens. Rubiaceae includes some ornamentals, but by far the most economically important product of the family is coffee. Quinine and ipecac are medicinal drugs that are extracted from members of Rubiaceae.

Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush- The vast majority of Rubiaceae are tropical shrubs, but this is the only woody member of the family native to the northern U.S.

Hedyotis caerulea (Houstonia carulea) Bluets- Also known as Quaker Ladies, the wirey stems seem to barely be able to support the oversized flowers.

Hedyotis longifolia Long-Leaved Bluets- This small-flowered species grows in dry, barren soil.

Mitchella repens Partridgeberry (Long-Stamen form)- Like many Rubiaceae, Partridgeberry is heterostlyous, with two different flower forms.

Mitchella repens Partridgeberry (Long-Style form)- An individual with a long style can only be pollinated by a different individual that has long stamens.

 

Order: Lamiales

Acanthaceae:

Ruellia humilis Wild Petunia- Wild Petunia grows on limestone substrates mostly south of MD, but can be found in extreme southern PA on limestone prairie remnants.

Bignoniaceae:

Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper- This species becomes much more common further south, where hummingbirds can often be seen visiting its large trumpets.

Catalpa speciosa Hardy Catalpa- This species is native to the lower Mississippi River valley but is planted and escaped throughout Eastern N. America.

Buddlejaceae:

Buddleja davidii Butterfly Bush (non-native)- Cultivated forms of this shrub come in many different colors. As its name suggests, its flowers are very attractive to butterflies.

*Lamiaceae: (Mint Family)

Identification characteristics: Mints are one of the most distinctive of all plant families, with Verbenaceae (see below) as the only family where confusion might occur. Mints are generally very aromatic and have square stems and opposite leaves. The calyx is comprised of 5 fused sepals. The corolla is usually strongly bilabiate, often indistinguishable as originating from 5 petals. There are 4 stamens adnate to the corolla which are usually strongly didynamous, and the syle is usually forked at the end, indicating the 2 carpels. The ovary is 4-lobed and is a schizocarpic fruit, eventually splitting into 4 nutlets. The style is gynobasic (in traditional treatment of the family), penetrating between the lobes to the base of the ovary. The inflorescences of the family are often verticels, with clusters of flowers forming tiers in the upper leaf axils (see Lamium maculatum).

Interesting stuff: Labiatae, the former name for this family, is still widely accepted and used. Lamiaceae are used for their oils, in teas, and as herbs and spices (oregano, sage, basil, etc.). Many species are also commonly cultivated as ornamentals for foliage, flowers, and fragrance. Our species are herbaceous, but in some regions Lamiaceae can be shrubs or even trees.

Collinsonia canadensis Horse Balm- Horse Balm is usually found in rich woods with adequate moisture. The plants are less scented than many other mints.

Collinsonia canadensis Horse Balm- At first glance, the inflorescence of this species looks weedy, but the flowers are pretty and intricate when viewed individually.

Lamium maculatum Spotted Dead-Nettle- Non-native. Like other members of the Mint Family, it has square stems, opposite leaves, verticillate inflorescences, and is aromatic.

Monarda clinopodia Basil Balm- This Monarda is usually found in woods and edges. Hybrids with M. fistulosa are common.

Monarda didyma Bee Balm- Commonly cultivated, many color varieties of Bee Balm now exist, but the wild scarlet type is most attractive to hummingbirds.

Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot- This Monarda is tolerant of dry soils and is usually found in open areas.

Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot- Like Bee Balm, the leaves of Wild Bergamot are sometimes used to make tea. Bees are attracted to the minty flowers.

Pycnanthemum muticum Hoary Mountain Mint- The leaves of this Mountain Mint are coated with whitish, velvety hair. The leaves can be made into a tasty tea.

Scutellaria incana Downy Skullcap- This species has large, attractive flowers for the genus. It growns in drier habitats than Mad-Dog Skullcap.

Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-Dog Skullcap- Flowers in the genus Scutellaria possess a projection on the top of their calyx.

Lentibulariaceae:

Utricularia vulgaris Common Bladderwort- The submerged leaves of this carnivorous genus contain traps that create a vacuum and suck up nearby microinvertebrates.

*Oleaceae: (Olive Family)

Identification characteristics: Most Oleaceae in our region are readily recognizable. They are mostly shrubs (some trees) with opposite leaves and no stipules. The leaves are usually simple, but are pinnately compound in Fraxinus (Ash trees). The flowers have 4 fused sepals, 4 fused petals, 2 epipetalous stamens, and a superior ovary formed from 2 carpels (usually evident as 2 stigmatic lobes). Fraxinus  has reduced, wind-pollinated flowers that are unisexual (the plants being dioecious) with the perianth lacking or greatly reduced. Many produce drupes as fruits, but capsules are also not uncommon, and female Fraxinus flowers form winged samaras for wind dispersal.

Interesting stuff: Oleaceae are most likely the first-brancing lineage of Lamiales. The wood of Ash trees is durable and is often used for axe and other tool handles and also for baseball bats. Olives and olive oil are important culinary products. Many Oleaceae are also popular ornamentals, including Lilacs, Forsythias, Privets, and Jasmine.

*Orobanchaceae: (Broomrape Family)

Identification characteristics: Identification of this family as traditionally circumscribed is very straight-forward, as it includes only plants with reduced leaves and no apparent chlorophyll. The flowers of the group are obviously of Lamialean origin, with 5 fused sepals, zygomorphic, bilabiate flowers that have fewer stamens (4) than corolla lobes (5), and superior ovaries formed from two carpels. The leaves are usually scale-like.

Interesting stuff: These plants are nonphotosynthetic and are completely dependent upon an autotrophic host which they attach to the roots of via a modified root organ known as a haustorium. These parasites are undoubtedly derived from the same lineage as photosynthetic root parasites included in the traditional Scrophulariaceae (see discussion under Scrophulariaceae below).

Conopholis americana Squawroot (clump)- Squawroot is only found growing on the roots of Red Oaks or closely related trees.

Conopholis americana Squawroot (individual closeup)- The yellow flowers produce thousands of seeds on each pinecone-like plant.

Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops- This annual nonphotosynthetic plant is specific to American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) as its host.

Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops- The lowermost flowers of Beechdrops are cleistogamous, meaning they pollinate and set seed without ever opening.

Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops (flower)- Although small, the flower structure of Epifagus is similar to Scrophulariaceae relatives.

Orobanche uniflora One-Flowered Cancer Root- The short stem of this parasite is mostly underground, only the pedicel and flower being above-ground.

Orobanche uniflora One-Flowered Cancer Root (closeup)- The flower of this parasite can produce thousands of tiny seeds.

*Scrophulariaceae: (Snapdragon Family)

Identification characteristics: It is extremely difficult to find characteristics that apply across all Scrophulariaceae as traditionally recognized. Members of this family are probably better represented when split into separate families (see discussion below). In general, Scrophulariaceae is the dumping ground for taxa that don't fit in anywhere else in the Lamiales. They have round stems (unlike Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae), zygomorphic flowers, and form capsules as their fruits. There are usually 5 sepals (sometimes 4), 5 corolla lobes (also sometimes 4), usually 4 didynamous stamens (sometimes only 2), and the superior ovary is formed from 2 carpels. Leaves are most often alternately arranged, but opposite leaves aren't uncommon in the group. The zygomorphy of the corolla is sometimes very slight (see Veronica) but often very elaborate (see Mimulus).

Interesting stuff: With the recognition of many well-accepted families, Scrophulariaceae, as traditionally circumscribed, is polyphyletic. Families such as Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Bignoniaceae, Acanthaceae, Orobanchaceae, Buddlejaceae and others are actually derived from within the "family." For this reason, Scrophulariaceae is currently being split between a number of families. Orobanchaceae now includes all root parasitic plants that were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae because they are still photosynthetic. Molecular evidence supports a single origin of parasitism within the "Scrophulariaceae" followed by multiple independent losses of photosynthesis (i.e. transition to an "Orobanchaceae" lifestyle). Many other Scrophulariaceae, including the genus Antirrhinum (Snapdragons), have been transferred to a family (tentatively called Veronicaceae) that includes wind-pollinated lawn weeds with inconspicuous flowers (formerly called Plantaginaceae). Most keys and herbaria still follow a traditional definition of Scrophulariaceae, as we will in this class for simplicity, because characteristics defining these new groupings are microscopic or otherwise not readily visible (such as underground root parasitism).

Scrophulariaceae contains many popular ornamentals including Snapdragon (Antirrhinum), Foxglove (Digitalis), and Penstemon (Penstemon).

Agalinis purpurea Smooth Gerardia- Although green-leaved, the roots of this pretty-flowered species attach to and parasitize the roots of many host plants.

Agalinis tenuifolia Slender Gerardia- Parasitic Scrophulariaceae are now thought to be closer relatives to nonphotosynthetic Orobanchaceae.

Agalinis tenuifolia Slender Gerardia (closer)- This species can be grown in the absence of a host, but does much better when attached to another plant.

Aureolaria laevigata Appalachian False Foxglove- This parasitic genus and Agalinis were formerly lumped together in the genus Gerardia.

Castilleja coccinea Indian Paintbrush- There are many species of Castilleja in the western U.S., but this is the only species in PA. They are all root parasites.

Castilleja coccinea Indian Paintbrush- The flowers of C. coccinea are greenish and inconspicuous, but the bright bracteal leaves help attract hummingbirds.

Chelone glabra White Turtlehead- The leaves of Turtleheads are often decimated by the feeding of Baltimore butterfly caterpillars.

Mimulus ringens Monkeyflower- This species grows in wet areas. Can you see a monkey face in the flower?

Penstemon digitalis Tall White Beardtongue- This genus has many more representatives in W. N. America, but this attractive species is found in PA.

Penstemon hirutus Northeastern Beardtongue- This species grows on rocky slopes in limestone-derived soils in PA.

Scrophularia marilandica Eastern Figwort (habit)- The square stems with opposite leaves on this specis often earn it the colloquial name "carpenter's square."

Scrophularia marilandica Eastern Figwort- This genus is the only one native to E. North America that is retained in Scrophulariaceae in new taxonomic treatments.

Veronica persica Birdseye Speedwell- Nonnative. Veronicas are common lawn and garden weeds. Note the slightly zygomorphic flower and two stamens.

Veronicastrum virginianum Culver's Root- Veronicastrum is more common further west in moist prairies, but in PA it can often be found in moist, open limestone woods.

*Verbenaceae: (Verbena Family)

Identification characteristics: Verbenaceae is closely allied to Lamiaceae, as is evidenced by their square stems, opposite leaves, and zygomorphic flowers with didynamous stamens and a 4-lobed ovary that usually forms a schizocarp of 4 nutlets. Verbenaceae, as traditionally defined, have a terminal style that doesn't penetrate between the 4 ovary lobes. The inflorescence is generally terminal and indeterminant, unlike most Lamiaceae.

Interesting stuff: Separation of Verbenaceae from Lamiaceae based on style morphology has proven to be inappropriate based on molecular phylogenies. Molecular systematists have transferred over two-thirds of traditionl Verbenaceae genera to Lamiaceae in order to make the mints a monophyletic family. The placement of Phryma (see below) within the genus is also debated. Many Verbenaceae, both as traditionally and phylogenetically recognized, are cultivated as ornamentals.

Phryma leptostachya Lopseed- Unlike most other Verbenaceae, Phryma produces an achene rather than nutlets.

Verbena hastata Blue Vervain- This attractive plant is common in wet fields and edges. The square stem and opposite leaves help show affinities to Lamiaceae.

 

Order: Solanales

*Convolvulaceae: (Morning Glory Family)

Identification characteristics: Morning Glories are almost always viney to some degree. They have alternate, simple leaves that are commonly cordate to sagittate at the base. The flowers have 5 fused sepals, 5 petals that are often fused the entire length of the actinomorphic corolla (See Argyreia, Calystegia, and Ipomoea below). The 5 stamens are adnate to the corolla and there are two carpels fused into a superior ovary. Each carpel produces 2 ovules, which results in a maximum of 4 seeds per capsule. The petals are twisted (convoluted) in the bud (look at "corkscrew" flower buds in the lower left of Ipomoea purpurea picture below).

Interesting stuff: The genus Cuscuta (my specialty) is often considered to be its own family (Cuscutaceae) based on its parasitic lifestyle and accompanying morphological eccentricities. However, it is clearly related to Convolvulaceae and most experts include it in this family. The plants often produce potent alkaloids, which may be concentrated in their seeds. Some of these compounds may be extracted as hallucinagens, others are highly toxic. Many species of various genera are among the most popular ornamental vines. Calystegia sepium and Convolvulus arvensis are sometimes garden and agricultural weeds, and species of Cuscuta cause serious agricultural damage to some crops through their parasitism.

Argyreia nervosa Wooly Morning Glory- Non-native. Wooly Morning Glory is sometimes cultivated in greenhouses and is often called "Wood Rose."

Calystegia spithamaea Upright Bindweed- This species is unusual for Convolvulaceae in not being very viney. It grows in dry or rocky habitats in PA.

Cuscuta campestris Field Dodder (habit)- Field Dodder is native to N. America but has been spread as an agricultural weed around the world.

Cuscuta campestris Field Dodder (flowers)- Each flower forms a seed capsule that will contain 1 to 4 seeds.

Cuscuta cephalanthi Buttonbush Dodder (habit)- Buttonbush Dodder usually grows in marshy areas or streambanks. The withered corolla tops the seed capsule.

Cuscuta compacta Compact Dodder (habit)- Compact Dodder often grows on shrubs such as Alnus and Aralia on which it coats the stem with inflorescences.

Cuscuta compacta Compact Dodder (flowers)- Each flower of Compact Dodder is subtended by multiple sepal-like bracts.

Cuscuta gronovii Common Dodder (habit)- Common Dodder can parasitize a wide variety of hosts at once; this individual is choking ten dicot species at once.

Cuscuta gronovii Common Dodder (flowers)- Common Dodder is the most widespread and common Cuscuta found across most of North America.

Ipomoea coccinea X quamoclit Scarlet Cardinal Climber- This garden hybrid has red, tubular flowers attractive to hummingbirds.

Ipomoea purpurea Blue Cultivar Morning Glory- Many cultivars exist for this species, but all have funnelform corollas common in Convolvulaceae.

*Solanaceae: (Potato/Nightshade Family)

Identification characteristics: Solanaceae may be trees or shrubs but are herbs or vines in our range. The leaves are alternate. Flowers have 5 fused sepals, an actinomorphic corolla of 5 fused petals that are sometimes connate to the tip as in Convolvulaceae, 5 stamens adnate to the corolla, and 2 carpels fused into a superior ovary. The fruit may be a many-seeded capsule (usually>4 seeds, compare to Convolvulaceae) or berry. The corolla is often plicate (showing fold lines). Anthers may dehisce in typical, longitudinal slit-fashion or by terminal pores.

Interesting stuff: Solanaceae produce some of the most toxic natural chemicals known to man, but also produce many of the most agriculturally important crop plants (e.g.g. tomato, potato, and peppers). Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is an economically important species whose alkaloid content is exploited for human consumption. Seeds of Datura species are often eaten for their hallucinagenic qualities, but this practice often results in death. Many Solanaceae are cultivated as ornamentals, including species of Nicotiana and Petunia.

Solanum carolinense Horse Nettle- The flowers of Horse Nettle resemble those of its close relatives, Tomato and Pepper. The plant has numerous stout prickles.

 

*Boraginaceae: (Forget-Me-Not Family)

Identification characteristics: Boraginaceae have alternate, simple leaves (sometimes compound in Hydrophyllaceae) and they are often (but not always) hairy plants. The 5 sepals are usually obviously fused, and the 5 petals are fused into an actinomorphic corolla. The 5 stamens are adnate to the corolla. The superior ovary is formed from 2 carpels, and the fruit is usually a schizocarp that splits into 4 nutlets (the ovary forms a capsule in Hydrophyllaceae). The inflorescences of Boraginaceae are helicoid/scorpioid cymes, one sided inflorescences that uncoil and elongate as the flowers open towards the tip.

Interesting stuff: Boraginaceae have been tentatively placed in Solanales, although they have also been hypothesized to have affinities to Lamiales. Hydrophyllaceae are usually separated, but probably are derived from within lineages considered as Boraginaceae. Parasitic plants put in the family Lennoaceae may also be derived Boraginaceous plants. The ovaries in some species not in our range sometimes form drupes. Our species are herbaceous, but they may be trees or shrubs elsewhere (occasionally even vines). Some are cultivated as ornamentals, such as Myosotis (Forget-Me-Not). Note: Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae are separate families in your manual!

Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon- Hoary Puccon is uncommon in PA, but the bright orange flowers are hard to miss where it is found.

Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon- Usually found in prairie-like habitats, Hoary Puccoon is found in limestone glades and dry woods in PA.

Mertensia virginiana Virginia Bluebells- This species is often found in wooded floodplains. The flowers are pink in bud, turning blue as they open.

Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells (white form)- Color variants of Virginia Bluebells, such as these "whitebells," are uncommonly encountered.

Myosotis scorpiodes Forget-Me-Not- The flowers of most Boraginaceae are borne in helicoid cymes, which seemingly uncoil as the inflorescence ages.

(Hydrophyllaceae:)

Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf (purple)- This species is found in two color phases which are found side by side in its range.

Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf (white)- The helicoid cymes of Hydrophyllaceae help show their affinities to Boraginaceae.

Phacelia bipinnatifida Purple Phacelia- (Native to Southeast U.S.)- Purple Phacelia grows in moderately moist soils rich in calcium. It is a biennial.

Phacelia bipinnatifida Purple Phacelia- The stamens of Purple Phacelia have relatively long, spreading hairs on their filaments.

 

Order: Apiales

*Apiaceae: (Carrot Family)

Identification characteristics: Apiaceae have an inferior ovary at the top of which the sepal lobes are minute or apparently absent. There are 5 petals, which are typically unfused, and 5 stamens. There are two carpels (up to 5 in Aralioids) which are held a top the ovary on a platform known as a stylopodium. Leaves are alternate in all members, usually with a sheathing petiole base, and the inflorescences are characteristically umbels or compound umbels. The family is traditionally comprised of herbaceous species, but most Araliaceae are woody. The ovaries of most Apiaceae form a schizocarp that splits into two dry halves, but Aralioids produce berries.

Interesting stuff: An alternative name for Apiaceae that is commonly encountered is Umbelliferae, which is descriptive of their inflorescence type. Apiaceae (and Araliaceae) were once placed in the Rosids based on morphology, as the separate petals are not characteristic of core Asterids. Many are useful as food (carrot and celery), herbs (parsley, cilantro), and medicinals (ginseng). However, many are highly toxic and commonly cause death in cattle when grazed. The Hemlock that poisoned Socrates belongs to this family. Some are also used as ornamentals, such as Hedera helix (English Ivy). Recognition of Araliaceae as a family is likely to make Apiaceae as tradionally recognized a polyphyletic group. Some authorities name basal lineages responsible for the paraphyly as their own families so that Apiaceae and Araliaceae can still both be monophyletically recognized. Note: Araliaceae and Apiaceae are separate families in your manual!

Osmorhiza claytonii Sweet Cicely- This plant is unscented: the almost identical O. longistylis has a distinctive anise scent when crushed.

Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernel- Notice the compound umbel inflorescence; umbels (or compound umbels) are typical of Apiaceae.

Zizia aptera Heart-Leaved Golden Alexanders- The lowermost leaves are "heart-leaved," while the upper leaves are ternately compound.

(Araliaceae:)

Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsparilla- The species name nudicaulis refers to the naked flowering stem.

Aralia racemosa Spikenard- Spikenard grows in rich, humusy woods. The large, shrub-like plants die back to the ground each year.

Panax quinquefolius American Ginseng- Because herbalists prize it for its roots, American Ginseng has been overcollected and is now uncommon in PA.

Panax trifolius Dwarf Ginseng- This species is more common than the now rare, overcollected American Ginseng. The bulbous root has no economic value.

 

Order: Asterales

*Asteraceae: (Sunflower Family)

Identification characteristics: Most Asteraceae are readily recognized by their composite inflorescences, comprised of numerous flowers crowded into a dense head (known as a capitulum) surrounded by a collection of bracts (involucre). These clusters are sometimes secondarily aggregated. Individual Asteraceae flowers have fused petals, syngenesious anthers, an inferior ovary comprised of 2 carpels, and no apparent sepals. Two distinct flower types are found. Some flowers, called disk flowers, are tubular and actinomorphic. Other flowers, called ray flowers, may be ligulate, with all 5 fused petals shifting to one side forming a strap-shaped corolla that resembles one petal instead of a flower. Asteraceae capitulums may have all disk flowers (see Vernonia gigantea or Eupatorium rugosum below), a ring of ray flowers surrounding a central "disk" of disk flowers (see Aster, Erigeron, Helianthus below), or all of the flowers in a capitulum may be ligulate ray flowers (like Dandelion; see Krigia biflora and Tussilago farfara below). Leaves may be opposite or alternate. In our range, Asteraceae are practically all herbaceous. They may have opposite or alternate leaves. The fruits of Asteraceae are achenes, often topped by a persistent pappus. The pappus is derived from sepals and often aids in seed dispersal. It may consist of scales, awns, or often capillary or plumose bristles. Each flower in a capitulum is often subtended by a scaly bract. A feature often used in keys for Asteraceae is whether these bracts are left on the inflorescence receptacle when the flowers or fruits are removed or whether the receptacle is smooth and bractless (naked receptacle).

Interesting stuff: Asteraceae is generally circumscribed as the largest family of angiosperms with more than 1,200 genera and over 20,000 species. Most species promote outcrossing by a mechanism known as plunger pollination. The two style branches are held tightly together, concealing the stigmatic surfaces. The outer stylar surfaces often have patterns of hair which, when pushed through the tube formed by the fused anthers, pick up the pollen for presentation to prospective pollinators (see picture link above). The flower later becomes functionally female, as the style branches spread apart and expose the stigmatic surface. In many Asteraceae that have both ray and disk flowers, the inner disk flowers are fertile but the ray flowers are sterile and only serve for pollinator attraction.

Asteraceae provide a large number of economically important species. Consumables include sunflower seed and oil, jerusalem artichoke, and lettuce. Some important organic insecticides (e.g. pyrithrins) are produced from extracts of Asteraceous plants. Various Asteraceae can be weeds, especially outside of their natural range (e.g.g. many Cirsium, Carduus, Centaurea). Members of the genus Ambrosia (ragweeds) have evolved to be wind pollinated. Their wind-born pollen is responsible for most fall allergies (hay fever). Another Asteraceae genus, Solidago (goldenrods), is often blamed for this phenomenon because its gaudy inflorescences are blooming at the same time as the inconspicuous flowers of ragweed. Asteraceae provide a large number of important ornamentals such as Ageratums, Dahlias, Cosmos, Zinnias, Black-Eyed Susans, Coneflowers, Coreopsis, Daisies, etc. Although there are various Asteraceae species in flower thoughout the season in PA, their flowers predominate the late-summer/fall landscape. Another widely accepted name for Asteraceae is Compositae.

Aster divaricatus White Wood Aster- Some inflorescences on this Aster have turned purple, indicating to pollinators that they no longer offer a reward.

Aster lanceolatus Panicled Aster (involucre)- The involucres of Asters consist of numerous, imbricate bracts.

Aster lanceolatus Panicled Aster (disk flower)- Each disk flower will produce one seed (achene). Notice the achene topped by a pappus of long bristles.

Aster lanceolatus Panicled Aster (ray flower)- Although they look like one petal, the rays are really ligulate flowers with 5 fused petals, complete with ovary, pappus, etc.

Aster lateriflorus Calico Aster- Like some other species of Aster. Calico Aster exhibits a color change in the disk florets with age (cream changing to purple).

Aster novae-angliae New England Aster (plant)- New England Aster is one of the latest wildflowers in our area, blooming alongside fall Goldenrods.

Aster novae-angliae New England Aster (inflorescence)- Notice the purple ligulate ray flowers and the small, tubular, yellow disk flowers.

Aster pilosus Awl Aster- This widespread Aster is one of the most common plants of disturbed areas and old fields.

Aster pilosus Awl Aster- Like most other Aster species, Aster pilosus blooms in late fall, continuing into November even through early frosts.

Aster pilosus Awl Aster (receptacle)- Receptacles in the genus Aster are naked, meaning they are simply pitted disks lacking bracts subtending each flower.

Bidens aristosa Tickseed Sunflower- Species of Bidens can be difficult to tell apart. Shape of the achene (seed) is an important character.

Coreopsis lanceolata Lance-Leaved Coreopsis- A widely planted ornamental, this Coreopsis is also a parent of many garden hybrids.

Coreopsis tripteris Tall Coreopsis- The lower leaves of this species may appear whorled, but are comprised of opposite, ternately compound leaves.

Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower- This prairie native used in herbal medicine is native further west but is a widely planted ornamental in PA.

Erigeron pulchellus Robin's Plantain- Although the disk flowers of this species are always yellow, the ray flowers range from white to blue-purple.

Eupatorium coelestinum Wild Ageratum (Native to S. U.S.)- This pretty Eupatorium is often weedy in pastures, fields, and roadsides in the Southeast.

Eupatorium fistulosum Hollow Joe-Pye Weed- This species may be told by its rounded inflorescence, hollow stem, and leaves in whorls of 6.

Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe-Pye Weed- Spotted Joe-Pye Weed stems may be purple or spotted. The leaves are usually in whorls of 4 or 5.

Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe-Pye Weed (closer)- The flat-topped inflorescence attracts clouds of insects, including many butterflies.

Eupatorium purpureum Sweet Joe-Pye Weed- This species is usually found in more wooded areas rather than open meadows like other Joe-Pye Weeds.

Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset- The stems of this species seemingly pierce between the opposite, perfoliate leaves.

Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot- Like other Eupatoriums, this woodland species has it's inflorescences in rayless heads.

Eupatorium sessilifolium Upland Thoroughwort- This species is often found along edges of limestone woods.

Helianthus decapetalus Thin- Leaved Sunflower- This is the most common wild sunflower over most of PA. The ten or so "petals" are sterile ray flowers.

Helianthus divaricatus Woodland Sunflower- Woodland Sunflower is a short Sunflower that often grows in open woods and edges.

Krigia biflora Orange Dwarf Dandelion- Although called dwarf dandelion, this woodland species is native, unlike the common lawn weed.

Rudbeckia laciniata Green-Headed Coneflower- This tall relative of Black-Eyed Susans has its disk flowers borne on a cone-like receptacle.

Rudbeckia triloba Brown-Eyed Susan- The species name triloba refers to the lower leaves, which are often three-parted.

Senecio aureus Golden Ragwort- This spring bloomer is common in wet woods, slopes, and edges. The basal leaves are undivided.

Solidago rigida Stiff Goldenrod- More common further west in prairie states, Stiff Goldenrod is threatened in PA, where it growns in limestone grasslands.

Solidago rigida Stiff Goldenrod (capitula)- The individual flowers of S. rigida are large for the genus, making it perhaps the most attractive Goldenrod in PA.

Solidago ulmifolia Elm-Leaved Goldenrod- This species grows in dry edges and woods and can be told by the cauline leaves, which are largest midway up the stem.

Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot- (non-native) The flowers of Coltsfoot emerge on scaly stalks in early spring before the leaves, the shape of which gives it its name.

Vernonia gigantea Tall Ironweed- This late-blooming wildflower of wet fields and edges lacks ligulate ray flowers.

Vernonia gigantea Tall Ironweed (closer)- The shape of the scale-like bracts surrounding the clusters of purple flowers are useful in identification.

*Campanulaceae: (Bellflower Family)

Identification characteristics: Campanulaceae have alternate leaves and their flowers consist of 5 sepals, 5 fused petals, 5 stamens inserted on the corolla, and 2 to 5 fused carpels that form an inferior ovary. Lobelioids have zygomorphic flowers and stamens that are syngenesious above the base. Many Campanulaceae demonstrate plunger pollination in much the same manner as Asteraceae. Capsules are produced from the inferior ovary. All species in our range are herbaceous.

Interesting stuff: If the flowers of some Campanulaceae are not pollinated within a few days, the stigmas will coil backwards until they make contact with pollen, effectively self-pollinating the plant. Each flower produces capsules with hundreds or even thousands of tiny seeds.

Campanula americana Tall Bellflower- The blue flowers of this biennial species have protruding recurved styles.

Campanula rotundifolia Harebell- This seemingly delicate plant grows out of the inhospitable environment of rock crevices and cliffs.

Campanula rotundifolia Harebell (flowers)- Notice the bell-shaped, "Campanulate" flowers.

(Lobeliaceae:)

Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower- This late summer plant has the most brilliant red flowers native to PA; they are a favorite of hummingbirds.

Lobelia inflata Indian Tobacco- The leaves of Indian Tobacco are extremely bitter if chewed. This small-flowered species is sometimes weedy.

Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia- The inferior ovaries of these species produce thousands of dustlike seeds.

Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia (flower closeup)- The reproductive structures are highly modified and held above the zygomorphic corolla.

Lobelia spicata Spiked Lobelia- This species often grows in dry, barren soils. There is a wide range of variation in flower size between populations.

 

Order: Dipsacales

*Caprifoliaceae: (Honeysuckle Family)

Identification characteristics: The leaves of Caprifoliaceae are opposite and sometimes connate-perfoliate (see Lonicera dioica below). The flowers have 5 fused petals, 5 stamens adnate to the corolla, and 2-5 carpels which form an inferior ovary. The flowers may be strongly zygomorphic to completely actinomorphic. Plants may be herbs, shrubs, or vines, and may produce dry capsules or fleshy berries.

Interesting stuff: Caprifoliaceae has been split up and/or combined with various families recently based on molecular studies. Many, such as Viburnum and Sambucus are now transferred to the family Adoxaceae. Some authors separate capsule-forming shrubs into the family Diervillaceae, while others combine families such as Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae with Caprifoliaceae.

Diervilla lonicera Bush Honeysuckle- Unlike members of the genus Lonicera, this species has serrated leaves and capsules, rather than berries, for fruits.

Lonicera dioica Wild Honeysuckle- This species tends not to climb as much as other viney honeysuckles. Note the connate perfoliate leaf below the flowers.

Lonicera dioica Wild Honeysuckle (fruit)- Like many other Lonicera species, L. dioica produces brightly colored berries dispersed primarily by birds.

Lonicera sempervirens Trumpet Honeysuckle- This species is native to lowland floodplains but is a widely planted ornamental.

Lonicera sempervirens Trumpet Honeysuckle- The hummingbird-pollinated flowers of this species are much less obviously zygomorphic than others in the genus.

Sambucus canadensis Elderberry- The purplish-black berries are often used for wine or jellies. It has opposite, pinnately compound leaves.

Viburnum acerifolium Maple-Leaved Viburnum- This species, also known as Dockmackie, produces blue-black berries in late summer.

Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood- This species is common around bogs, but may be found elsewhere as well.